Secession is a detachment of a territory from an existing state with the aim of creating a new state on the detached territory. Secession is usually an outcome of the political mobilization of a population on the territory to be detached and, as a political phenomenon, is a subject of study in the social sciences. Its impact on inter-state relations is a subject of study in international relations. But secession is also subject to regulation both in the constitutional law of sovereign states and in international law. Following a spate of secessions in the early 1990s, legal scholars have proposed a variety of ways to regulate the international responses to attempts at secessions. Moreover, since the 1980s normative justification of secession has been subject to an intense debate among political theorists and moral philosophers.
This research companion has the following three complementary aims. First, to offer an overview of the current theoretical approaches to secession in the social sciences, international relations, legal theory, political theory and applied ethics. Second, to outline the current practice of international recognition of secession and current domestic and international laws which regulate secession. Third, to offer an account of major secessionist movements - past and present - from a comparative perspective.
In their accounts of past secessions and current secessionist movements, the contributors to this volume focus on the following four components: the nature and source of secessionist grievances, the ideologies and techniques of secessionist mobilization, the responses of the host state or majority parties in the host state, and the international response to attempts at secession. This provides a basis for identification of at least some common patterns in the otherwise highly varied processes of secession.
Preface
Introduction: what is secession?, Aleksandar Pavkovic and Peter Radan
Part I Introduction to Secession
1. Secession and international order, James Mayall
2. The history of secession: an overview, Bridget L. Coggins
3. Explaining secession, David S. Siroky
4. Changing borders by secession: normative assessment of territorial claims, Frank Dietrich
Part II Secessions: Past and Present
Introduction to part II
5. An attempt at secession from an early nation-state: the Confederate States of America, Don H. Doyle
6. The UN principle of self-determination and secession from decolonized states: Katanga and Biafra, Joshua Castellino
7. Constitutional politics of secession: travelling from Quebec to Montenegro (and back?), Zoran Oklopcic
8. Secession as a way of dissolving federations: the USSR and Yugoslavia, Richard Sakwa and Aleksandar Pavkovic
9. Kosovo: a secession under UN supervision, Keiichi Kubo
Part III Secession in Context
Introduction to part III
10. Secession from an economic perspective: what is living and what is dead in the economic interpretations of secession, Lloyd Cox
11. Secession and ethnic conflict, Keiichi Kubo
12. Secession and political violence, Siniša Maleševic and Neill Ó Dochartaigh
13. International involvement in secessionist conflict: from the 16th century to the present, Mikulas Fabry
14. The international relations of secession, Stephen M. Saideman
15. Secession and contested states, Deon Geldenhuys
Part IV Secession: Legal Perspectives
Introduction to part IV
16. Secession and territorial borders: the role of law, Märta C. Johanson
17. International law and the right of unilateral secession, Peter Radan
18. Secession in constitutional law, Peter Radan
19. To constitutionalize or not? Secession as materiae constitutionis, Miodrag A. Jovanovic
20. Secession and state succession, Tom Grant
Part V Secession: Normative Approaches
Introduction to part V
21. Internal self-determination, Michel Seymour
22. Remedial theories of secession, Reinold Schmücker
23. Choice theories of secession, David D. Speetzen and Christopher Heath Wellman
24. Secession and domination, John McGarry and Margaret Moore
25. The right to secede: do we really need it?, Aleksandar Pavkovic
Part VI Secessions and Secessionist Movements in the World
Introduction to part VI
ASIA
Case Study 1. Aceh: the secession that never was, Edward Aspinall
Case Study 2. Bangladesh: secession aided by military intervention, Peter Radan
Case Study 3. Kashmir: separatism as possible trigger for inter-state conflict?, Matthew J. Webb
Case Study 4. Separatism in Mindanao, Damien Kingsbury
Case Study 5. Myanmar/Burma: secession and the ethnic conundrum, Renaud Egretau
Case Study 6. Singapore: expulsion or negotiated secession, Bill K.P. Chou
Case Study 7. Taiwan-China: a case of secession or a divided nation?, Jean-Pierre Cabestan
Case Study 8. Tibet: secession based on the collapse of an imperial overlord, Robbie Barnett
Case Study 9. West Papua: secessionism and/or failed decolonization?, Damien Kingsbury
AFRICA
Case Study 10. Eritrea: A Belated Post-Colonial Secession, Kathryn Sturman
Case Study 11. Somaliland: an escape from endemic violence, Kathryn Sturman
Case Study 12. Southern Sudan's secession from the North, Petrus de Kock
EUROPA
Case Study 13. Basque secession: from bullets to ballots, Marc Sanjaume i Calvet
Case Study 14. Peaceful secessions: Norway, Iceland and Slovakia, Aleksander Pavkovic
Case Study 15. Scotland's independence, Michael Keating
Case Study 16. The Serb Krajina: an unsuccessful secession from Croatia, Peter Radan
REST OF THE WORLD
Case Study 17. Abhkazia, South Ossetia, and Transdniestria: secessions in the post-Soviet space, Mikahail Ilyin
Case Study 18. Chechnya: a military suppression of secession at a cost, Kristin M. Bakke
Case Study 19. Kurdistan: a suspended secession from Iraq, Peter Slugett
Case Study 20. Yemen: the resurgent secessionism in the south, Iain Walker
Index
Aleksandar PAVKOVIC and Peter RADAN (eds.), The Ashgate Research Companion to Secession, London, Ashgate, 2011 (592 pages)
Aleksandar Pavkovic is Associate Professor in Politics and International Relations, Macquarie University, Australia and also at the University of Macau, China.
Peter Radan is Professor in Law, Macquarie University, Australia.
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