Le 23 décembre 2016, le vote de la Résolution L.41 à l'Assemblée générale de l’ONU a ouvert la voie à une conférence « ayant pour objectif la négociation d’un instrument juridiquement contraignant visant à interdire les armes nucléaires en vue de leur élimination complète ». Conformément au calendrier prévu, le premier cycle de négociations a réuni aux Nations Unies (New York), du 27 au 31 mars 2017, en moyenne plus de 115 États par jour (pour atteindre le chiffre de 132 lors de la dernière journée), ainsi que de nombreuses organisations de la société civile.
Comme l’avait annoncé, le 22 mai dernier, la présidente de cette conférence, Elayne Whyte, ambassadrice du Costa Rica, une première version du projet de convention sur l’interdiction des armes nucléaires a été proposé. Ce texte constitue une avancée rapide et incontestable pour promouvoir le désarmement nucléaire et une victoire des États promoteurs de l’initiative humanitaire.
Le draft proposé n’est qu’une première ébauche, si bien qu’il n’est pas surprenant qu’il ne soit pas pleinement satisfaisant. À cet égard, l’analyse publiée le 12 juin 2017 par le Groupe de Recherche et d’Information sur la Sécurité et la Paix (GRIP), La Convention d’interdiction des armes nucléaires : de la négociation au premier "draft", permet de mieux comprendre la nature de certains termes juridiques employés et les points qui nécessitent d’être renforcés pour qu’il n’y ait pas de vide juridique. Il s’agit de la seule analyse en français actuellement disponible sur cette question.
Le préambule du draft est à l’image du processus humanitaire en cours, puisqu’il souligne « les conséquences humanitaires catastrophiques qui résulteraient de toute utilisation d’armes nucléaires et la nécessité de faire tous les efforts pour s'assurer que les armes nucléaires ne soient jamais utilisées en aucune circonstance ». L’utilisation des termes « Hibakusha » (les victimes japonaises des bombardements d’Hiroshima et de Nagasaki) ou « victimes des essais nucléaires » visent à évoquer la souffrance et l’horreur causées par l’emploi des bombes atomiques. Le facteur « genre » est également pris en compte, puisqu’il est indiqué que les effets sanitaires et humanitaires sont beaucoup plus importants sur les femmes et les filles.
Au total, ce draft comporte 21 articles qui prévoient des obligations générales (interdiction de développer, produire, fabriquer, acquérir, posséder ou stocker, transférer, tester… des armes nucléaires), à l’égard des États (dotés et non dotés), définissent la notion d’assistance qu’un État devra recevoir à sa demande s’il est le théâtre d’essais nucléaires, ainsi que le mode d’entrée en vigueur dans ses dispositions finales.
La deuxième session de négociations qui débutera le 15 juin permettra de renforcer et de compléter ce draft qui devrait déboucher, le 7 juillet au soir, sur un accord pour un projet de convention d’interdiction des armes nucléaires.
Submitted by the
President of the Conference
A/CONF.229/2017/CRP.1, 22 May 2017
The States Parties to this Convention,
Deeply concerned about the catastrophic humanitarian
consequences that would result from any use of nuclear weapons and the
consequent need to make every effort to ensure that nuclear weapons are never
used again under any circumstances,
Cognizant that the catastrophic consequences
of nuclear weapons transcend national borders, pose grave implications for
human survival, the environment, socioeconomic development, the global economy,
food security and for the health of future generations, and of the
disproportionate impact of ionizing radiation on maternal health and on girls,
Mindful of the suffering of the victims of
the use of nuclear weapons (Hibakusha) as well as of those affected by the
testing of nuclear weapons,
Basing themselves on the principles and rules of
international humanitarian law, in particular the principle that the right of
parties to an armed conflict to choose methods or means of warfare is not
unlimited and the rule that care shall be taken in warfare to protect the
natural environment against widespread, long term and severe damage, including
a prohibition of the use of methods or means of warfare which are intended or
may be expected to cause such damage to the natural environment and thereby to
prejudice the health or survival of the population,
Declaring that any use of nuclear weapons
would be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed
conflict, and in particular the principles and rules of humanitarian law,
Reaffirming that in cases not covered by this
convention, civilians and combatants remain under the protection and authority
of the principles of international law derived from established custom, from
the principles of humanity and from the dictates of public conscience,
Determined to contribute to the realization of
the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations,
Bearing in mind that the prohibition of nuclear
weapons would be an important contribution towards comprehensive nuclear
disarmament, Stressing the urgent need to achieve further effective measures of
nuclear disarmament in order to facilitate the elimination from national
arsenals of nuclear weapons and the means of their delivery,
Determined to act towards that end, Determined
also to act with a view to achieving effective progress towards general and
complete disarmament under strict and effective international control,
Affirming that there exists an obligation to
pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear
disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international
control,
Reaffirming the crucial importance of the
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as the cornerstone of the
international nuclear non-proliferation regime and an essential foundation for
the pursuit of nuclear disarmament, the vital importance of the Comprehensive
Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty as a core element of the nuclear disarmament and
non-proliferation regime, and the contribution of the treaties establishing
nuclear-weapon-free zones toward strengthening the nuclear nonproliferation
regime and to realizing the objective of nuclear disarmament,
Stressing the role of public conscience in
the furthering of the principles of humanity as evidenced by the call for the
total elimination of nuclear weapons and recognizing the efforts to that end
undertaken by the United Nations, the International Committee of the Red Cross,
numerous non-governmental organizations and the Hibakusha,
Have agreed as follows:
Article 1 General
obligations
1. Each State Party undertakes never under any
circumstances to:
(a) Develop, produce, manufacture, otherwise acquire, possess or stockpile nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices;(b) Transfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly;(c) Receive the transfer or control over nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices directly, or indirectly;(d) Use nuclear weapons;(e) Carry out any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion;(f) Assist, encourage, or induce, in any way, anyone to engage in any activity prohibited to a State Party under this Convention;(g) Seek or receive any assistance, in any way, from anyone to engage in any activity prohibited to a State Party under this Convention.
2. Each State Party undertakes to prohibit and
prevent in its territory or at any place under its jurisdiction or control:
(a) Any stationing, installation or deployment of any nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices;(b) Any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion.
Article 2 Declarations
1. Each State Party shall submit to the
Secretary-General of the United Nations, not later than 30 days after this
Convention enters into force for it a declaration in which it shall declare
whether it has manufactured, possessed or otherwise acquired nuclear weapons or
other nuclear explosive devices after 5 December 2001.
2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations
shall transmit all such declarations received to the States Parties.
Article 3 Safeguards
Each State Party undertakes to accept
safeguards, with a view to preventing diversion of nuclear energy from peaceful
uses to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, as provided in the
Annex to this Convention.
Article 4 Measures for
States that have eliminated their nuclear weapons
1. Each State Party that has manufactured,
possessed or otherwise acquired nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive
devices after 5 December 2001, and eliminated all such weapons or explosive
devices prior to the entry into force of the Convention for it, undertakes to
cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency for the purpose of
verification of the completeness of its inventory of nuclear material and
nuclear installations.
2. Unless otherwise agreed by the States
Parties, arrangements necessary for the verification required by this Article
shall be concluded in an agreement between the State Party and the
International Atomic Energy Agency. Negotiation of such an agreement shall
commence within 180 days of the submission of the declaration provided for in
Article
2. Such agreements shall enter into force not
later than eighteen months after the date of the initiation of negotiations.
3. For the purpose of performing the
verification required by this Article, the International Atomic Energy Agency
shall be provided with full access to any location or facility associated with
a nuclear weapon programme and shall have the right to request access on a
case-by-case basis to other locations or facilities that the Agency may wish to
visit.
Article 5 Measures for situations not covered
by Article 4
Proposals for further effective measures
relating to nuclear disarmament, including provisions for the verified and
irreversible elimination of any remaining nuclear weapon programmes under
strict and effective international control, which may take the form of
additional protocols to this Convention, may be considered at the Meetings of
States Parties or Review Conferences. All States represented at the meeting or
review conference may participate fully in such consideration. The meeting or
review conference may agree upon additional protocols which shall be adopted
and annexed to the Convention in accordance with its provisions.
Article 6 Assistance
1. Each State Party in a position to do so
shall with respect to individuals affected by the use or testing of nuclear
weapons in areas under its jurisdiction or control, in accordance with
applicable international humanitarian and human rights law, adequately provide
age- and gender-sensitive assistance, including medical care, rehabilitation
and psychological support, as well as provide for their social and economic
inclusion.
2. Each State Party with respect to areas under
its jurisdiction or control contaminated as a result of activities related to
the testing or use of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, shall
have the right to request and to receive assistance toward the environmental
remediation of areas so contaminated.
3. Such assistance may be provided, inter alia,
through the United Nations system, international, regional or national
organizations or institutions, non -governmental organizations or institutions,
or on a bilateral basis.
Article 7 National implementation
1. Each State Party shall, in accordance with
its constitutional processes, adopt the necessary measures to implement its obligations
under this Convention.
2. Each State Party shall take all appropriate
legal, administrative and other measures, including the imposition of penal
sanctions, to prevent and suppress any activity prohibited to a State Party
under this Convention undertaken by persons or on territory under its
jurisdiction or control.
Article 8 International cooperation
1. Each State Party shall cooperate with other
States Parties to facilitate the implementation of the obligations of this
Convention.
2. In fulfilling its obligations under this
Convention each State Party has the right to seek and receive assistance.
Article 9 Meeting of States Parties
1. The States Parties shall meet regularly in
order to consider and, where necessary, take decisions in respect of any matter
with regard to the application or implementation of this Convention and on the
further elaboration of effective measure s for nuclear disarmament, including:
(a) The operation and status of this Convention;(b) Reports by States Parties on the implementation of their obligations under this Convention;(c) Matters arising from the declarations submitted under Article 2 of this Convention;(d) Proposals for effective measures relating to nuclear disarmament, including provisions for the verified and irreversible elimination of nuclear weapon programmes, including additional protocols to this Convention.
2. The first Meeting of States Parties shall be
convened by the Secretary-General of the United Nations within one year of the
entry into force of this Convention. Further Meetings of States Parties shall
be convened by the Secretary-General of the United Nations on a biennial basis,
unless otherwise agreed by the States Parties.
3. After a period of five years following the
entry into force of this Convention, the Meetings of States Parties may decide
to convene a conference to review the operation of this Convention with a view
to assuring that the purposes of the preamble and the provisions of the
Convention, including the provisions concerning negotiations on effective
measures for nuclear disarmament, are being realized. 4. States not party to
this Convention, as well as the United Nations, other relevant international
organizations or institutions, regional organizations, the International
Committee of the Red Cross and relevant non-governmental organizations may be
invited to attend the Meetings of States Parties and the Review Conferences as
observers.
Article 10 Costs
1. The costs of the Meetings of the States
Parties and the Review Conferences shall be borne by the States Parties and
States not parties to this Convention participating therein, in accordance with
the United Nations scale of assessment adjusted appropriately.
2. The costs incurred by the Secretary-General
of the United Nations under Article 2 of this Convention shall be borne by the
States Parties in accordance with the United Nations scale of assessment
adjusted appropriately.
Article 11 Amendments
1. At the Meetings of States Parties or Review
Conferences consideration may be given to any proposal for amendments of this
Convention. The meeting or review conference may agree upon amendments which
shall be adopted by a majority of two-thirds of the States Parties present and
voting at the meeting or review conference.
2. The amendment shall enter into force for
each State Party that deposits its instrument of ratification of the amendment
upon the deposit of such instruments of ratification by a majority of the
States Parties. Thereafter, it shall enter into force for any other State Party
upon the deposit of its instrument of ratification of the amendment.
Article 12 Settlement of disputes
1. When a dispute arises between two or more
States Parties relating to the interpretation or application of this
Convention, the parties concerned shall consult together with a view to the
expeditious settlement of the dispute by negotiation or by other peaceful means
of the parties’ choice, including recourse to the Meetings of States Parties and,
by mutual consent, referral to the International Court of Justice in conformity
with the Statute of the Court.
2. The Meeting of States Parties may contribute
to the settlement of the dispute by whatever means it deems appropriate,
including offering its good offices, calling upon the States Parties concerned
to start the settlement procedure of their choice and recommending a time limit
for any agreed procedure.
Article 13 Universality
Each State Party shall
encourage States not party to this Convention to ratify, accept, approve or
accede to this Convention, with the goal of attracting the adherence of all
States to this Convention.
Article 14 Signature
This Convention shall be open for signature to
all States before its entry into force.
Article 15 Ratification
This Convention shall be subject to ratification
by signatory States.
Article 16 Entry into force
1. This Convention shall enter into force 90
days after the fortieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession has been deposited.
2. For any State that deposits its instrument
of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession after the date of the
deposit of the fortieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession, this Convention shall enter into force 90 days after the date on
which that State has deposited its instrument of ratification, acceptance,
approval or accession. Article 17 Reservations The Articles of this Convention
shall not be subject to reservations.
Article 18 Duration
1. This Convention shall be of unlimited
duration.
2. Each State Party shall in exercising its
national sovereignty have the right to withdraw from the Convention if it
decides that extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of this
Convention, have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country. It shall
give notice of such withdrawal to all other Parties to the Convention and to
the United Nations Security Council three months in advance. Such notice shall
include a statement of the extraordinary events it regards as having jeopardized
its supreme interests.
3. Such withdrawal shall only take effect three
months after the receipt of the instrument of withdrawal by the Depositary. If,
however, on the expiry of that three-month period, the withdrawing State Party
is engaged in the situations referred to in Article 2 common to the Geneva
Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the Protection of War Victims, including any
situation described in paragraph 4 of Article 1 of Additional Protocol I to
these Conventions, the Party shall continue to be bound by the obligations of
this Convention and of any annexed Protocols until the end of the armed
conflict or occupation.
Article 19 Relations with other agreements
This Convention does not affect the rights and
obligations of the States Parties under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of
Nuclear Weapons.
Article 20 Depositary
The
Secretary-General of the United Nations is hereby designated as the Depositary
of this Convention.
Article 21 Authentic texts
The Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian
and Spanish texts of this Convention shall be equally authentic.
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