11 novembre 2016

OUVRAGE : J. Zollmann, Naulila 1914. World War I in Angola and International Law: A Study in (Post-)Colonial Border Regimes and Interstate Arbitration

Jakob ZOLLMANN

In 1885, Germany and Portugal became neighbours in Africa. The newly founded colony of German Southwest Africa prevented the southwards expansion of the ancient colony of Angola. The border along the Cunene and Kavango Rivers remained under dispute.

After the outbreak of World War I in Europe, Portugal’s neutrality was questioned in German Southwest Africa, and when a group of German officials waiting near the border of Angola for food transports were shot in the Angolan fortress Naulila, a state of war between both colonies seemed inevitable. German troops launched several military reprisals against fortresses in southern Angola, most significantly against Naulila in December 1914. After their victory at Naulila, the Germans retreated to GSWA. However, African powers, most notably Kwanyama forces led by King Mandume, used the weakness of the defeated Portuguese army to expel the colonial troops from southern Angola. In 1915, a counter-offensive was launched with troops from Portugal that ended with the complete occupation of Kwanyama territories.

After the war, a Luso-German arbitration procedure according to the Treaty of Versailles (1919) assessed the damages in Angola and Germany’s responsibility to pay reparations. The arbitration award of 1928 that established Germany’s responsibility for the violation of international law when attacking Naulila became a landmark case. It still holds relevance for modern international law. The final part of this book analyses the memorial culture that developed in Angola, Namibia, Germany and Portugal around the war in 1914/15.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Illustrations
Abbreviations
Introduction 


PART ONE. THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN ANGOLA IN ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT

1. Luso-German Colonial Relations before the First World War
1.1. Slicing the “African Cake” – the Borders of Angola and GSWA
1.2. “Medical Adviser” or “Heir”? – the Agreements of 1898 and 1913
1.3. The Portuguese in Southern Angola 57
1.4. New Friends? – Luso-German Trade and the Study Commission
2. The First World War in Angola and GSWA
2.1. The Outbreak of the War and its Impact on GSWA and Angola
2.2. Beyond German Reach – Smuggling Food across Angola
2.3. Misunderstandings – the Naulila Incident, October 1914
2.4. Revenge? – Devastating the Kavango Forts, Oct.–Nov. 1914
2.5. The Build-up of the Army in Angola, August–December 1914
2.6. Colonial Armies on the Southern African Battlefield, 1914–1915
2.7. Greater than a “Small War” – the “Rebellion” in Angola, 1914–15

PART TWO. THE ARBITRATION PROCEDURE AND AWARDS

3. The Luso-German Arbitration Procedure 1919–1928
3.1. The Treaty of Versailles and Arbitration
3.2. Personnel Involved
3.3. Portuguese Claims and German Responses. Four Memoranda
3.4. Colonial Border Agreements, Pleadings, New Arbitrators, 1926
4. The Award of 1928 (Merits)
4.1. Disproportion évidente – Content of the Award
4.2. Responses to the Award. The Amount of Portugal’s Damages
5. The Award of 1930 (Amounts)
5.1. Direct and Indirect Damages – Content of the Award
5.2. The Negotiations over the Young-Plan
6. Can the Germans Pay? The Award of 1933 (Execution)


PART THREE. LEGAL AND HISTORIOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES ON THE WORLD WAR IN ANGOLA, 1918–2014

7. Portuguese and German Reactions to the Awards
8. The afterlife of Naulilaa in International Law

9. Naulila and King Mandume in the Memorial Cultures ofPortugal, Germany, Angola and Namibia
9.1. Writing about “Heroes”: Portugal
9.2. Writing about “Heroes”: Germany
9.3. History as a Source of (National) Pride: Angola
9.4. History as a Source of (National) Pride: Namibia
Conclusion
Archival Sources
Sources of Illustrations
Literature
Index of Persons
Index of Places
Subject Index
 
Jakob ZOLLMANN, Naulila 1914. World War I in Angola and International Law: A Study in (Post-)Colonial Border Regimes and Interstate Arbitration, Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2016 (516 pp.)


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