OUVRAGE : A. Heinze, V.E. Dittrich (eds.), The Past, Present and Future of the International Criminal Court

Alexander HEINZE, Viviane E. DITTRICH

This edited volume provides a broad perspective on the International Criminal Court’s development over time and explores some of its topical issues, achievements, challenges and critiques. The anthology combines reflections from scholars and practitioners and includes voices from inside and outside the Court, featuring multiple readings of its activities, practice and developments. In line with the volume’s title, the authors portray the establishment and development of the Court (hence the theme ‘past’), critically engage with its successes and challenges (‘present’), and draw conclusions on its achievements and way forward (‘future’). The book examines five key topics: prosecutorial policy and strategy, jurisdiction and admissibility, victims and witnesses, defence issues, and legitimacy and independence. It includes a number of papers and speeches given at the Nuremberg Forum 2018.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword by the Series Editor
Preface by the Editors of the Volume

Foreword by Piotr Hofmański

Foreword by Mama Koité Doumbia

1. Viviane E. Dittrich, The International Criminal Court: Between Continuity and Renewal

1.1. Introduction
1.2. The International Criminal Court: Context, Constraints and Complexities
1.3. Twentieth Anniversary of the Rome Statute
1.4. Focus and Structure of the Book

2. Alexander Heinze, Attacked, Applauded, Threatened, Universalized. Or: A Wednesday at the International Criminal Court

2.1. Introduction
2.2. Interjection: Why This Chapter Includes References to Literature and How This Has Become Worth Mentioning
2.3. The Nuremberg Forum 2018 – A Reflection on the Presentations with the Benefit of Hindsight

PART I.
STOCKTAKING: LOOKING BACK AND LOOKING AHEAD 

3. Benjamin B. Ferencz, Is Power or Reason the Way to Peace? 

4. Leila Nadya Sadat, Justice without Fear or Favour? The Uncertain Future of the International Criminal Court

4.1. Introduction
4.2. The Road to Rome
4.3. The Rome Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries
4.4. The Organizational Structure and Operational Features of the Court
4.5. The Court’s Current Caseload
4.6. Challenges and Future Prospects
4.7. Conclusion

5. Christopher R.F. Hale, The Way Forward for the International Criminal Court and Its Stakeholders: Focus Inward

5.1. Introduction: The Quandary
5.2. Practical Impact of the Quandary
5.3. Inward Looking Recommendations
5.4. Conclusion

6. Katarína Šmigová, The Relevance of the Nuremberg Principles as a Source of Law for Decision Making of Subsequent International Criminal Judiciary

6.1. Introduction: Historical Context of the Nuremberg Trial and the Subsequent Development of International Criminal Law
6.2. The Nuremberg Principles Adopted by the United Nations International Law Commission and their Status
6.3. The Nuremberg Principles in the Statutes and Case Law of the Ad Hoc Tribunals
6.4. The Nuremberg Principles in the Rome Statute and the Case Law of the International Criminal Court
6.5. Conclusion

PART II.
CONTEXT AND CONSTRAINTS

 

SECTION A. PROSECUTORIAL POLICY AND PRACTICE 

7. Fannie Lafontaine, Claire Magnoux, Prosecuting ‘The Most Responsible’: The Law and Politics of the Expectation and Strategy

7.1. Introduction
7.2. ‘The Most Responsible’: Building the Credibility of the Office of the Prosecutor
7.3. Individuals Bearing the Greatest Responsibility and the Criteria of Gravity and Interests of Justice: An Unsteady Jurisprudence
7.4. Conclusion

8. André C.U. Nwadikwa-Jonathan, Nicholas E. Ortiz, The Use of Non-Governmental Investigatory Bodies at the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court: An Offer We Can(not) Refuse?

8.1. Introduction: A Long Way from Rome
8.2. Searching for the Critical Component: State Co-operation and the Conduct of Investigations at the Office of the Prosecutor
8.3. The Commission for International Justice and Accountability: The Archetypal Non-Governmental Investigatory Body
8.4. Terra Incognita: Exploring the Modalities of a Framework for Co-operation between Non-Governmental Investigatory Bodies and the Office of the Prosecutor
8.5. Conclusion: An Offer We Cannot Refuse?

SECTION B. JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY: NORMATIVE CONSIDERATIONS AND PROSECUTORIAL DISCRETION 

9. Fergal Gaynor, General Assembly Referral to the International Criminal Court

9.1. Introduction
9.2. The Necessity for Change: The Inadequacy of the Security Council’s Referral Function
9.3. Responses to Security Council Inaction
9.4. The General Assembly’s Power to Refer a Situation to the ICC
9.5. The Presumption of Legality of Action by the General Assembly
9.6. The Purposive Interpretation of the Charter which Underlies the Security Council’s Powers in International Criminal Justice
9.7. The Obligation of All States to Deter, Investigate and Prosecute Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
9.8. The Exercise of Jurisdiction Over Nationals of a Non-Party: Practical Difficulties
9.9. The Existence of Chapter VII Remedies and the Success of a Prosecution
9.10. Guards Against Unmeritorious Referrals by the General Assembly
9.11. Conclusion

10. Andrea Marrone, The Complementary Global Regimes Working for Peace and Justice and the Pursuit of Universal Jurisdiction

10.1. Introduction
10.2. The Initiatives to Restrain the Veto Powers of the United Nations Security Council
10.3. The Current Issues Pursuing Civilian Protection Duties
10.4. The Complementary Global Regimes Fostering Peace and Justice
10.5. The Concept of Complementarity and the Dilemma of Human Security
10.6. The Interaction Strategies between Complementary Global Regimes
10.7. Conclusion

11. Anderson Javiel Dirocie De León, Complementarity and Due Process as a Question of Admissibility: From Fighting Impunity to Seeking Justice?

11.1. Introduction
11.2. Revisiting the Principle of Complementarity
11.3. Due Process Considerations when Assessing Complementarity
11.4. Procedural Implications: Challenging Inadmissibility?
11.5. Conclusion

12. Adedeji Adekunle, The Dynamics of Complementarity and Preliminary Examinations

12.1. Introduction
12.2. What Objectives Are Served by the Preliminary Examinations?
12.3. Prosecutorial Discretion and Preliminary Examination
12.4. The Office of the Prosecutor’s Discretion and Positive Complementarity
12.5. Conclusion

SECTION C. VICTIMS AND WITNESSES
 

13. Ellie Smith, Trauma in the Witness Stand: Effective Evaluation of Trauma-Impacted Testimony at the International Criminal Court

13.1. Introduction
13.2. Background: Trauma-Impacted Evidence at the Ad Hoc Tribunals
13.3. Trauma and the Assessment of Testimony at the ICC
13.4. Discussion
13.5. Finding a Way Forward? Expert Evidence in the Ntaganda Trial
13.6. Conclusion

14. Christoph Safferling and Gurgen Petrossian, Five Categories of Victims and the Consequences on the International Criminal Court

14.1. Introduction
14.2. Victims Under Broad and Narrow Approaches
14.3. Individual Victimhood at the ICC Trial Stages
14.4. Conclusion

15. Juan Pablo Pérez-León-Acevedo, Judicial Protective Measures for Victims and Witnesses vis-à-vis External Actors at the International Criminal Court

15.1. Introduction
15.2. General Framework
15.3. Protective Measures
15.4. Special Measures
15.5. Conclusions

16. Hilde Farthofer, The Development of Witness Evidence Law at the International Criminal Court

16.1. Introduction
16.2. Testimonial Evidence
16.3. The Duty of the Witness
16.4. The Rights of the Witness
16.5. Conclusion

SECTION D. DEFENCE ISSUES: PROCEDURAL AND INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVES
 

17. Benjamin Gumpert, Yulia Nuzban, Length of Proceedings at the International Criminal Court: Context, Latest Developments and Proposed Steps to Address the Issue

17.1. Introduction
17.2. Criteria for Determining if the Length of Proceedings Is Reasonable
17.3. Overview of the Length of the ICC Proceedings
17.4. Factors that Affect the Length of the ICC Proceedings
17.5. The Latest Developments Relating to the Length of the ICC Proceedings
17.6. Proposed Steps to Address the Issue
17.7. Conclusions

18. Philippe Currat, Brice Van Erps, Founding an International Criminal Court Bar

18.1. Introduction
18.2. The Past of the ICC: No Bar Expected
18.3. The Present of the ICC: A Bar Achieved
18.4. The Future of the ICC: A Bar Improving the Legitimacy of the Court
18.5. Conclusion

SECTION E. LEGITIMACY AND INDEPENDENCE
 

19. Cara Cunningham Warren, Cultivating the Court’s Legitimacy and the Use of Constructivism to Prepare for Head of State Aggression Prosecutions

19.1. Introduction
19.2. Input Legitimacy Challenges
19.3. Legitimacy Challenges Related to Efficacy and Compliance
19.4. A Prosecutorial Framework and Constructivist Methodology to Address Legitimacy Gaps
19.5. Conclusion

20. Nicolai von Maltitz, Thomas Körner, Defining Situations at the International Criminal Court

20.1. Introduction
20.2. Defining the Term ‘Situation’ in the Rome Statute
20.3. Conclusions

21. Shannon Fyfe, Politics and the Institutional Integrity of the International Criminal Court

21.1. Introduction
21.2. Integrity
21.3. Politics as a Threat to Integrity
21.4. Integrity of the ICC and its Organs
21.5. Conclusion: The Future of the Integrity of the Court

PART III.
ACHIEVEMENTS AND LEGACY: REFLECTIONS ON THE TWENTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE ROME STATUTE 

22. Barbara Lochbihler, Quo Vadis, International Criminal Court? The European Union’s Role and Responsibility to Support the Court in Good Times and in Bad Times

22.1. Introduction
22.2. The European Union’s Instruments for Political, Institutional and Financial Support
22.3. Instruments of Parliamentary Support
22.4. Key Aspects of the European Union’s Policy on the ICC and International Criminal Justice
22.5. Challenges Ahead
22.6. Conclusion

23. Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov, Russia and the International Criminal Court: From Uncertain Engagement to Positive Disengagement

23.1. Introduction
23.2. Expectations of Engagement
23.3. From Expectations to Foreboding
23.4. Formal Disengagement
23.5. Concluding Observation: Shades of Disengagement

24. Heiko Maas, Speech by Foreign Minister Heiko Maas at the Nuremberg Forum 2018 Marking the Twentieth Anniversary of the Rome Statute
 

25. Fatou Bensouda, Speech by Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda at the Nuremberg Forum 2018 Marking the Twentieth Anniversary of the Rome Statute

25.1. The Rome Statute Has Set the Course and the ICC Is Moving Ahead
25.2. The International Criminal Justice Project Is a Child of War
25.3. Stocktaking – Challenges and Setbacks
25.4. Stocktaking – The Office of the Prosecutor as the Engine of the ICC
25.5. States Parties Must Voice Greater Support and Condemn Attacks on the Court
25.6. States Parties Must Actively Co-operate with the Court
25.7. Conclusion

26. Bertram Schmitt, The Twentieth Anniversary of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

26.1. Introduction
26.2. Achievements
26.3. Challenges
26.4. The Court Between Law and Politics

Index

 

Alexander HEINZE, Viviane E. DITTRICH (eds.), The Past, Present and Future of the International Criminal Court, Florence, Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2021 (812 pp.)

Alexander Heinze is Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Göttingen.

Viviane E. Dittrich is Deputy Director of the International Nuremberg Principles Academy.